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 Formulary Chapter 15: Anaesthesia - Full Chapter
15.01  Expand sub section  General anaesthesia
15.01  Expand sub section  Anaesthesia, sedation and resuscitation in dental practice
15.01  Expand sub section  Gas cylinders
15.01.01  Expand sub section  Intravenous anaesthetics
 note 

Intravenous anaesthetics should only be administered by, or under the direct supervision of, personnel experienced in its use, with adequate training in anaesthesia and airway management, and when resuscitation equipment is available.

Etomidate (Hypnomidate®)
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Formulary
Red
Injection 20mg/10mL 
 
Propofol
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Formulary
Red
injection 1% 200mg/20mL & 500mg/50mL, 1000mg/100mL
injection 2% 1000mg/50mL
injection 1% 500mg/50mL & 2% 1000mg/50mL prefilled syringe 
Link  LSCMMG: Critical Care Medicines Information
 
15.01.01  Expand sub section  Barbiturates to top
Thiopental
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Formulary
Red

Powder for solution for injection 500mg

 
 
15.01.01  Expand sub section  NMDA receptor antagonists
Controlled Drug Ketamine injection (Ketalar®)
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Formulary
Red
Injection 200mg/20mL, 500mg/10mL, 200mg/2mL 
Link  LSCMMG: Critical Care Medicines Information
 
15.01.02  Expand sub section  Inhalational anaesthetics
 note 

Should only be administered by, or under the direct supervision of, personnel experienced in their use, with adequate training in anaesthesia and airway management, and when resuscitation equipment is available.

15.01.02  Expand sub section  Volatile liquid anaesthetics
Isoflurane
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Formulary
Red

Inhalation vapour 250ml

 
 
Controlled Drug Nitrous oxide
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Formulary
Red

Inhalation gas cylinders.

For analgesia (without loss of consciousness), manufacturer advises a mixture of nitrous oxide and oxygen containing 50% of each gas (Entonox®) is used.

 
Link  MHRA: Nitrous oxide: neurological and haematological toxic effects
 
Sevoflurane
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Formulary
Red

Inhalation vapour 250ml

 
 
15.01.03  Expand sub section  Antimuscarinic drugs
 note 

Antimuscarinic drugs used for premedication to general anaesthesia should only be administered by, or under the direct supervision of, personnel experienced in their use.

Atropine
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Formulary
Red

Injection 600micrograms/1mL
Injection prefilled syringe 500micrograms in 5mL, 1mg in 5mL, 1mg in 10mL, 3mg in 10mL

 
 
Glycopyrronium bromide
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Formulary
Red

Injection 200micrograms/1mL, 600micrograms/3mL

 
 
Hyoscine Hydrobromide
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Formulary
Red
Injection 400micrograms/1mL 
 
15.01.04  Expand sub section  Sedative and analgesic peri-operative drugs to top
15.01.04.01  Expand sub section  Benzodiazepines
 note 

Benzodiazepines should only be administered for anaesthesia by, or under the direct supervision of, personnel experienced in their use, with adequate training in anaesthesia and airway management.

Controlled Drug Diazepam
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Formulary
Red

Injection 10mg/2mL

 
 
Controlled Drug Lorazepam
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Formulary
Red

Injection 4mg/1mL

 
 
Controlled Drug Midazolam
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Formulary
Red

Injection 5mg/5ml

NB. The 10mg/2ml injection is for use in palliative care only. Please see Palliative Care formulary.

NHS Never Event: Mis-selection of high-strength midazolam during conscious sedation (January 2018).
In clinical areas performing conscious sedation, high-strength preparations (5 mg/mL in 2 mL and 10 mL ampoules, or 2 mg/mL in 5 mL ampoules) should not be selected in place of the 1 mg/mL preparation.

The areas where high-strength midazolam is used should be restricted to those performing general anaesthesia, intensive care, palliative care, or areas where its use has been formally risk-assessed in the organisation. In these situations the higher strength may be more appropriate to administer the prescribed dose.

It is advised that flumazenil is available when midazolam is used, to reverse the effects if necessary.

 
Link  LSCMMG: Critical Care Medicines Information
 
Controlled Drug Midazolam/Lidocaine nasal solution
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Unlicensed Drug Unlicensed
Red

Midazolam 40mg/Lidocaine 20mg/1mL nasal solution,
Midazolam 20mg/Lidocaine 10mg/0.5mL nasal solution

For paediatric surgical use only

unlicensed Unlicensed

 
 
15.01.04.02  Expand sub section  Non-opioid analgesics
Ketorolac
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Formulary
Red

Injection 30mg/1mL

 
Link  MHRA: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): potential risks following prolonged use after 20 weeks of pregnancy
 
15.01.04.03  Expand sub section  Opioid analgesics
Controlled Drug Alfentanil
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Formulary
Red

Injection 5mg/10mL, 1mg/2mL
Intensive care injection 5mg/1mL

 
Link  LSCMMG: Critical Care Medicines Information
 
Controlled Drug Fentanyl
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Formulary
Red

Injection 500micrograms/10mL, 100 micrograms/2mL

 
 
Controlled Drug Remifentanil
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Formulary
Red

Injection 1mg, 2mg, 5mg 

 
 
15.01.04.04  Expand sub section  Other drugs for sedation
Clonidine
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Formulary
Red

Injection 150microgram/mL

 
Link  Lancashire and South Cumbria Critical Care Medicines Information
 
Dexmedetomidine  (Dexdor®)
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Formulary
Red

Injection 100micrograms/mL 2mL & 4mL ampoules

Dexmedetomidine should only be administered by, or under the direct supervision of, personnel experienced in its use, with adequate training in anaesthesia and airway management.

 
Link  LSCMMG: Critical Care Medicines Information
Link  MHRA/CHM advice: Dexmedetomidine: clinical trial finds increased risk of mortality in intensive care unit (ICU) patients aged 65 years or younger (June 2022)
 
15.01.05  Expand sub section  Neuromuscular blocking drugs to top
15.01.05  Expand sub section  Neuromuscular blocking drugs, non-depolarising
 note 

Non-depolarising neuromuscular blocking drugs should only be administered by, or under direct supervision of, personnel experienced in their use, with adequate training in anaesthesia and airway management.

Atracurium Besilate
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Formulary
Red
Injection 25mg/2.5mL, 50mg/5mL & 250mg/25mL 
Link  LSCMMG: Critical Care Medicines Information
 
Mivacurium Chloride
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Formulary
Red

Injection 10mg/5mL

 
 
Rocuronium Bromide
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Formulary
Red

Injection 10mg/1mL

 
Link  LSCMMG: Critical Care Medicines Information
 
Vecuronium Bromide (Norcuron®)
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Formulary
Red

Injection 10mg

 
 
15.01.05  Expand sub section  Neuromuscular blocking drugs, depolarising
 note 

Should only be administered by, or under the direct supervision of, personnel experienced in its use.

Suxamethonium Chloride
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Formulary
Red

Injection 100mg/2mL

 
 
15.01.06  Expand sub section  Drugs for reversal of neuromuscular blockade
15.01.06  Expand sub section  Anticholinesterases
Neostigmine
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Formulary
Red
Injection 2.5mg/1mL 
Link  LSCMMG: Critical Care Medicines Information
 
Neostigmine with Glycopyrronium
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Formulary
Red

Injection glycopyrronium 2.5mg / neostigmine 500micrograms/1ml

 
 
15.01.06  Expand sub section  Other drugs for reversal of neuromuscular blockade to top
 note 

Should only be administered by, or under the direct supervision of, personnel experienced in its use.

Sugammadex
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Formulary
Red

Injection 200mg/2ml, 500mg/5ml

Routine reversal of neuromuscular blockade induced by rocuronium or vecuronium.

 
 
15.01.07  Expand sub section  Antagonists for central and respiratory depression
Doxapram
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Formulary
Red

Injection 100mg/5ml

 
 
Flumazenil
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Formulary
Red

Injection 500micrograms/5ml

Flumazenil should only be administered by, or under the direct supervision of, personnel experienced in its use.

 
 
Naloxone
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Formulary
Red

Injection 400micrograms/1ml
Pre-filled syringe 2mg/2ml

Doses used in acute opioid overdose may not be appropriate when there is risk of acute withdrawal (e.g. chronic opioid use), or when a continued therapeutic effect is required (e.g. postoperative use, palliative care).

 
 
15.01.08  Expand sub section  Drugs for malignant hyperthermia
 note 

Should only be administered by, or under the direct supervision of, personnel experienced in the use of dantrolene when used for malignant hyperthermia.

Dantrolene Sodium
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Formulary
Red

Injection 120mg vial

 
Link  MHRA: Intravenous dantrolene: risk of undissolved crystals
 
15.02  Expand sub section  Local anaesthesia
 note 

Should only be administered by, or under the direct supervision of, personnel experienced in their use, with adequate training in anaesthesia and airway management, and should not be administered parenterally unless adequate resuscitation equipment is available.

15.02  Expand sub section  Articaine
Articaine Hydrochloride with Adrenaline
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Formulary
Red

Injection 40mg/mL with 1 in 200,000 and 40mg/mL with 1 in 100,000

 
 
15.02  Expand sub section  Bupivacaine to top
 note 

The licensed doses stated may not be appropriate in some settings and expert advice should be sought.

Bupivacaine and Adrenaline
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Formulary
Red
Injection 0.25% / 1:200,000 10mL
Injection 0.5% / 1:200,000 10mL 
 
Bupivacaine Hydrochloride
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Formulary
Red

Injection 0.25%, 0.5% 10mL
Infusion 0.1%, 0.125% 250ml

 
 
Bupivacaine Hydrochloride 0.5% with Glucose
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Formulary
Red

Injection bupivacaine 5mg/mL / glucose 80mg/mL 4mL

 
 
Controlled Drug Bupivacaine with Fentanyl
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Formulary
Red

Epidural infusion fentanyl 2micrograms/mL, bupivacaine 0.1% 500mL

 
 
15.02  Expand sub section  Levobupivacaine
 note 

The licensed doses stated may not be appropriate in some settings and expert advice should be sought.

Levobupivacaine
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Formulary
Red

Infusion 1.25mg/mL 100mL & 200ml
Injection, 2.5mg/mL, 5mg/mL and 7.5mg/mL

 
 
Controlled Drug Levobupivacaine with Fentanyl
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Formulary
Red

Epidural

unlicensed Unlicensed

 
 
15.02  Expand sub section  Lidocaine
 note 

The licensed doses stated may not be appropriate in some settings and expert advice should be sought.

Lidocaine injection
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Formulary
Red

Injection 0.5%, 1%, 2% 

 
 
Lidocaine plasters
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Formulary

Plasters 5% (700mg/medicated plaster)

See chapter 4 

 
 
 
Lidocaine with Adrenaline
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Formulary
Red

Injection 1% / 1:200,000 20mL
Injection 2% / 1:200,000 20mL

Injection 2% / 1:80,000 2mL cartridge (for dental use)

 
 
Lidocaine with Phenylephrine
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Formulary
Red

Lidocaine 5%/Phenylephrine 0.5% nasal spray

 
 
Lidocaine with Prilocaine (EMLA®)
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Formulary

Lidocaine 25mg/1g, Prilocaine 25mg/1g cream

Green for licensed indications.

Red for specific indications within hospital Trusts, including:
MBHT - for use in theatres for grommet insertion (unlicensed use).
ELHT - to help with irritation caused by use of Aldara cream in women with Vulval intraepithelial neoplasia.

 
 
Lidocaine2% with Chlorhexidine 0.25% (Instillagel®)
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Formulary
Green
Gel lidocaine 2% / chlorhexidine 0.25% 6ml & 11ml

 
 
15.02  Expand sub section  Mepivacaine
Mepivacaine hydrochloride injection
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Formulary
Red

Injection 30mg/1mL

 
 
15.02  Expand sub section  Prilocaine
Prilocaine Hydrochloride
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Formulary
Red

Prilocaine hydrochloride (Prilotekal®) in glucose injection 20mg/mL
Prilocaine Hydrochloride (Citanest®) injection 1%
Prilocaine Hydrochloride with Felypressin (Citanest with Octapressin®) 3% prilocaine
hydrochloride and 0.54 micrograms/mL felypressin

 
 
15.02  Expand sub section  Chloroprocaine to top
 note 

The licensed doses stated may not be appropriate in some settings and expert advice should be sought.

Chloroprocaine hydrochloride
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Formulary
Red

Injection 50mg/5mL

 
 
15.02  Expand sub section  Ropivacaine
Ropivacaine Hydrochloride
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Formulary
Red

Injection 2mg/mL, 7.5mg/mL, 10mg/mL Infusion 2mg/mL

 
 
15.02  Expand sub section  Tetracaine
Tetracaine (Ametop gel®)
View adult BNF View SPC online View childrens BNF
Formulary
Red

Gel 4% 1.5g tube

 
 
15.02  Expand sub section  Ethyl Chloride
Ethyl Chloride (Cryogesic® Spray)
View adult BNF View SPC online View childrens BNF
Formulary
Red

Spray

To provide a sensory cold sensation to check spinal and epidural anaesthesia blocks.

 
 
 ....
Key
note Notes
Section Title Section Title (top level)
Section Title Section Title (sub level)
First Choice Item First Choice item
Non Formulary Item Non Formulary section
Restricted Drug
Restricted Drug
Unlicensed Drug
Unlicensed
Track Changes
Display tracking information
click to search medicines.org.uk
Link to adult BNF
click to search medicines.org.uk
Link to children's BNF
click to search medicines.org.uk
Link to SPCs
SMC
Scottish Medicines Consortium
Cytotoxic Drug
Cytotoxic Drug
CD
Controlled Drug
High Cost Medicine
High Cost Medicine
Cancer Drugs Fund
Cancer Drugs Fund
NHSE
NHS England
Homecare
Homecare
CCG
CCG
Green Low Carbon

Low carbon footprint

Amber Medium Carbon

Medium carbon footprint

Red High carbon footprint

High carbon footprint

Traffic Light Status Information

Status Description

Green

Green: Appropriate for initiation and ongoing prescribing in both primary and secondary care. Generally, little or no routine drug monitoring is required.  

Green Restricted

Green (Restricted): Appropriate for initiation and ongoing prescribing in both primary and secondary care provided: Additional criteria specific to the medicine or device are met, or The medicine or device is used following the failure of other therapies as defined by the relevant LSCMMG pathway. Generally, little or no routine drug monitoring is required.   

Red

Red medicines: Medicine is supplied by the hospital for the duration of the treatment course. Primary care initiation or continuation of treatment is not recommended unless exceptional circumstances such as specialist GP. Red medicines are those where primary care prescribing is not recommended. These treatments should be initiated by specialists only and prescribing retained within secondary care. They require specialist knowledge, intensive monitoring, specific dose adjustments or further evaluation in use. If however, a primary care prescriber has particular specialist knowledge or experience of prescribing a particular drug for a particular patient it would not always be appropriate for them to expect to transfer that prescribing responsibility back to secondary care. There should be a specific reason and a specific risk agreement, protocol and service set up to support this. Primary care prescribers may prescribe RED medicines in exceptional circumstances to patients to ensure continuity of supply while arrangements are made to obtain ongoing supplies from secondary care.  

Amber 0

Amber level 0: Suitable for prescribing in primary care following recommendation or initiation by a specialist. Little or no specific monitoring required. Patient may need a regular review, but this would not exceed that required for other medicines routinely prescribed in primary care. Brief prescribing document or information sheet may be required. Primary care prescribers must be familiar with the drug to take on prescribing responsibility or must get the required information. When recommending or handing over care, specialists should ask primary care prescribers to take over prescribing responsibility, and should give enough information about the indication, dose, monitoring requirements, use outside product licence and any necessary dose adjustments to allow them to confidently prescribe.  

Amber 1

Amber level 1 (with shared care): Suitable for prescribing in primary care following recommendation or initiation by a specialist. Minimal monitoring required. Patient may need a regular review, but this would not exceed that required for other medicines routinely prescribed in primary care. Full prior agreement about patient’s on-going care must be reached under the shared care agreement. Primary care prescribers are advised not to take on prescribing of these medicines unless they have been adequately informed by letter of their responsibilities with regards monitoring, side effects and interactions and are happy to take on the prescribing responsibility. A copy of locally approved shared care guidelines should accompany this letter which outlines these responsibilities. Primary care prescribers should then tell secondary care of their intentions as soon as possible by letter so that arrangements can be made for the transfer of care.  

Amber 2

Amber level 2 (with shared care and enhanced service): Initiated by specialist and transferred to primary care following a successful initiation period. Significant monitoring required on an on-going basis. Full prior agreement about patient’s on-going care must be reached under the shared care agreement. Suitable for enhanced service. These medicines are considered suitable for GP prescribing following specialist initiation of therapy, as per shared care document which will be sent out with the request to prescribe, with on-going communication between the primary care prescriber and specialist. Amber Level 2 medicines require significant monitoring for which an enhanced service may be suitable. (Subject to local commissioning agreements).  

Do Not Prescribe

Do not prescribe: NOT recommended for use by the NHS in Lancashire and South Cumbria. Includes medicines that NICE has not recommended for use and terminated technology appraisals, unless there is a local need.  

Grey

Grey medicines: Medicines which have not yet been reviewed or are under the review process. GPs and specialists are recommended not to prescribe these drugs. This category includes drugs where funding has not yet been agreed.   

Multiple

Refer to local guidance.  

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