Formulary Chapter 15: Anaesthesia - Full Chapter
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15.01 |
General anaesthesia |
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15.01 |
Anaesthesia, sedation and resuscitation in dental practice |
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15.01 |
Gas cylinders |
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15.01.01 |
Intravenous anaesthetics |
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Intravenous anaesthetics should only be administered by, or under the direct supervision of, personnel experienced in its use, with adequate training in anaesthesia and airway management, and when resuscitation equipment is available. |
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Etomidate (Hypnomidate®)
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Formulary
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Injection 20mg/10mL
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Propofol
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Formulary
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injection 1% 200mg/20mL & 500mg/50mL, 1000mg/100mL
injection 2% 1000mg/50mL
injection 1% 500mg/50mL & 2% 1000mg/50mL prefilled syringe
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LSCMMG: Critical Care Medicines Information
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15.01.01 |
Barbiturates |
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Thiopental
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Formulary
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Powder for solution for injection 500mg
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15.01.01 |
NMDA receptor antagonists |
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Ketamine injection (Ketalar®)
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Formulary
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Injection 200mg/20mL, 500mg/10mL, 200mg/2mL
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LSCMMG: Critical Care Medicines Information
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15.01.02 |
Inhalational anaesthetics |
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Should only be administered by, or under the direct supervision of, personnel experienced in their use, with adequate training in anaesthesia and airway management, and when resuscitation equipment is available. |
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15.01.02 |
Volatile liquid anaesthetics |
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Isoflurane
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Formulary
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Inhalation vapour 250ml
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Nitrous oxide
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Formulary
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Inhalation gas cylinders.
For analgesia (without loss of consciousness), manufacturer advises a mixture of nitrous oxide and oxygen containing 50% of each gas (Entonox®) is used.
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MHRA: Nitrous oxide: neurological and haematological toxic effects
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Sevoflurane
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Formulary
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Inhalation vapour 250ml
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15.01.03 |
Antimuscarinic drugs |
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Antimuscarinic drugs used for premedication to general anaesthesia should only be administered by, or under the direct supervision of, personnel experienced in their use. |
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Atropine
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Formulary
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Injection 600micrograms/1mL Injection prefilled syringe 500micrograms in 5mL, 1mg in 5mL, 1mg in 10mL, 3mg in 10mL
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Glycopyrronium bromide
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Formulary
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Injection 200micrograms/1mL, 600micrograms/3mL
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Hyoscine Hydrobromide
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Formulary
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Injection 400micrograms/1mL
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15.01.04 |
Sedative and analgesic peri-operative drugs |
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15.01.04.01 |
Benzodiazepines |
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Benzodiazepines should only be administered for anaesthesia by, or under the direct supervision of, personnel experienced in their use, with adequate training in anaesthesia and airway management. |
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Diazepam
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Formulary
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Injection 10mg/2mL
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Lorazepam
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Formulary
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Injection 4mg/1mL
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Midazolam
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Formulary
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Injection 5mg/5ml
NB. The 10mg/2ml injection is for use in palliative care only. Please see Palliative Care formulary.
NHS Never Event: Mis-selection of high-strength midazolam during conscious sedation (January 2018). In clinical areas performing conscious sedation, high-strength preparations (5 mg/mL in 2 mL and 10 mL ampoules, or 2 mg/mL in 5 mL ampoules) should not be selected in place of the 1 mg/mL preparation.
The areas where high-strength midazolam is used should be restricted to those performing general anaesthesia, intensive care, palliative care, or areas where its use has been formally risk-assessed in the organisation. In these situations the higher strength may be more appropriate to administer the prescribed dose.
It is advised that flumazenil is available when midazolam is used, to reverse the effects if necessary.
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LSCMMG: Critical Care Medicines Information
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Midazolam/Lidocaine nasal solution
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Unlicensed
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Midazolam 40mg/Lidocaine 20mg/1mL nasal solution, Midazolam 20mg/Lidocaine 10mg/0.5mL nasal solution
For paediatric surgical use only
Unlicensed
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15.01.04.02 |
Non-opioid analgesics |
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Ketorolac
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Formulary
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Injection 30mg/1mL
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MHRA: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): potential risks following prolonged use after 20 weeks of pregnancy
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15.01.04.03 |
Opioid analgesics |
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Alfentanil
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Formulary
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Injection 5mg/10mL, 1mg/2mL Intensive care injection 5mg/1mL
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LSCMMG: Critical Care Medicines Information
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Fentanyl
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Formulary
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Injection 500micrograms/10mL, 100 micrograms/2mL
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Remifentanil
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Formulary
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Injection 1mg, 2mg, 5mg
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15.01.04.04 |
Other drugs for sedation |
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Clonidine
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Formulary
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Injection 150microgram/mL
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Lancashire and South Cumbria Critical Care Medicines Information
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Dexmedetomidine (Dexdor®)
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Formulary
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Injection 100micrograms/mL 2mL & 4mL ampoules
Dexmedetomidine should only be administered by, or under the direct supervision of, personnel experienced in its use, with adequate training in anaesthesia and airway management.
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LSCMMG: Critical Care Medicines Information
MHRA/CHM advice: Dexmedetomidine: clinical trial finds increased risk of mortality in intensive care unit (ICU) patients aged 65 years or younger (June 2022)
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15.01.05 |
Neuromuscular blocking drugs |
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15.01.05 |
Neuromuscular blocking drugs, non-depolarising |
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Non-depolarising neuromuscular blocking drugs should only be administered by, or under direct supervision of, personnel experienced in their use, with adequate training in anaesthesia and airway management. |
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Atracurium Besilate
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Formulary
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Injection 25mg/2.5mL, 50mg/5mL & 250mg/25mL
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LSCMMG: Critical Care Medicines Information
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Mivacurium Chloride
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Formulary
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Injection 10mg/5mL
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Rocuronium Bromide
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Formulary
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Injection 10mg/1mL
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LSCMMG: Critical Care Medicines Information
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Vecuronium Bromide (Norcuron®)
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Formulary
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Injection 10mg
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15.01.05 |
Neuromuscular blocking drugs, depolarising |
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Should only be administered by, or under the direct supervision of, personnel experienced in its use. |
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Suxamethonium Chloride
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Formulary
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Injection 100mg/2mL
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15.01.06 |
Drugs for reversal of neuromuscular blockade |
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15.01.06 |
Anticholinesterases |
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Neostigmine
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Formulary
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Injection 2.5mg/1mL
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LSCMMG: Critical Care Medicines Information
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Neostigmine with Glycopyrronium
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Formulary
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Injection glycopyrronium 2.5mg / neostigmine 500micrograms/1ml
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15.01.06 |
Other drugs for reversal of neuromuscular blockade |
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Should only be administered by, or under the direct supervision of, personnel experienced in its use. |
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Sugammadex
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Formulary
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Injection 200mg/2ml, 500mg/5ml
Routine reversal of neuromuscular blockade induced by rocuronium or vecuronium.
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15.01.07 |
Antagonists for central and respiratory depression |
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Doxapram
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Formulary
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Injection 100mg/5ml
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Flumazenil
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Formulary
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Injection 500micrograms/5ml
Flumazenil should only be administered by, or under the direct supervision of, personnel experienced in its use.
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Naloxone
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Formulary
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Injection 400micrograms/1ml Pre-filled syringe 2mg/2ml
Doses used in acute opioid overdose may not be appropriate when there is risk of acute withdrawal (e.g. chronic opioid use), or when a continued therapeutic effect is required (e.g. postoperative use, palliative care).
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15.01.08 |
Drugs for malignant hyperthermia |
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Should only be administered by, or under the direct supervision of, personnel experienced in the use of dantrolene when used for malignant hyperthermia. |
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Dantrolene Sodium
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Formulary
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Injection 120mg vial
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MHRA: Intravenous dantrolene: risk of undissolved crystals
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15.02 |
Local anaesthesia |
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Should only be administered by, or under the direct supervision of, personnel experienced in their use, with adequate training in anaesthesia and airway management, and should not be administered parenterally unless adequate resuscitation equipment is available. |
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15.02 |
Articaine |
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Articaine Hydrochloride with Adrenaline
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Formulary
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Injection 40mg/mL with 1 in 200,000 and 40mg/mL with 1 in 100,000
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15.02 |
Bupivacaine |
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The licensed doses stated may not be appropriate in some settings and expert advice should be sought. |
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Bupivacaine and Adrenaline
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Formulary
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Injection 0.25% / 1:200,000 10mL
Injection 0.5% / 1:200,000 10mL
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Bupivacaine Hydrochloride
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Formulary
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Injection 0.25%, 0.5% 10mL Infusion 0.1%, 0.125% 250ml
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Bupivacaine Hydrochloride 0.5% with Glucose
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Formulary
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Injection bupivacaine 5mg/mL / glucose 80mg/mL 4mL
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Bupivacaine with Fentanyl
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Formulary
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Epidural infusion fentanyl 2micrograms/mL, bupivacaine 0.1% 500mL
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15.02 |
Levobupivacaine |
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The licensed doses stated may not be appropriate in some settings and expert advice should be sought. |
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Levobupivacaine
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Formulary
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Infusion 1.25mg/mL 100mL & 200ml Injection, 2.5mg/mL, 5mg/mL and 7.5mg/mL
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Levobupivacaine with Fentanyl
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Formulary
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Epidural
Unlicensed
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15.02 |
Lidocaine |
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The licensed doses stated may not be appropriate in some settings and expert advice should be sought. |
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Lidocaine injection
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Formulary
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Injection 0.5%, 1%, 2%
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Lidocaine plasters
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Formulary
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Plasters 5% (700mg/medicated plaster)
See chapter 4
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Lidocaine with Adrenaline
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Formulary
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Injection 1% / 1:200,000 20mL Injection 2% / 1:200,000 20mL
Injection 2% / 1:80,000 2mL cartridge (for dental use)
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Lidocaine with Phenylephrine
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Formulary
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Lidocaine 5%/Phenylephrine 0.5% nasal spray
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Lidocaine with Prilocaine (EMLA®)
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Formulary
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Lidocaine 25mg/1g, Prilocaine 25mg/1g cream
for licensed indications.
for specific indications within hospital Trusts, including: MBHT - for use in theatres for grommet insertion (unlicensed use). ELHT - to help with irritation caused by use of Aldara cream in women with Vulval intraepithelial neoplasia.
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Lidocaine2% with Chlorhexidine 0.25% (Instillagel®)
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Formulary
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Gel lidocaine 2% / chlorhexidine 0.25% 6ml & 11ml
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15.02 |
Mepivacaine |
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Mepivacaine hydrochloride injection
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Formulary
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Injection 30mg/1mL
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15.02 |
Prilocaine |
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Prilocaine Hydrochloride
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Formulary
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Prilocaine hydrochloride (Prilotekal®) in glucose injection 20mg/mL Prilocaine Hydrochloride (Citanest®) injection 1% Prilocaine Hydrochloride with Felypressin (Citanest with Octapressin®) 3% prilocaine hydrochloride and 0.54 micrograms/mL felypressin
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15.02 |
Chloroprocaine |
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The licensed doses stated may not be appropriate in some settings and expert advice should be sought. |
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Chloroprocaine hydrochloride
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Formulary
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Injection 50mg/5mL
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15.02 |
Ropivacaine |
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Ropivacaine Hydrochloride
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Formulary
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Injection 2mg/mL, 7.5mg/mL, 10mg/mL Infusion 2mg/mL
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15.02 |
Tetracaine |
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Tetracaine (Ametop gel®)
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Formulary
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Gel 4% 1.5g tube
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15.02 |
Ethyl Chloride |
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Ethyl Chloride (Cryogesic® Spray)
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Formulary
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Spray
To provide a sensory cold sensation to check spinal and epidural anaesthesia blocks.
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Key |
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Cytotoxic Drug
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Controlled Drug
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High Cost Medicine
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Cancer Drugs Fund
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NHS England |
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Homecare |
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CCG |
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Low carbon footprint |
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Medium carbon footprint |
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High carbon footprint |
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Traffic Light Status Information
Status |
Description |
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Green:
Appropriate for initiation and ongoing prescribing in both primary and secondary care.
Generally, little or no routine drug monitoring is required. |
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Green (Restricted):
Appropriate for initiation and ongoing prescribing in both primary and secondary care provided:
Additional criteria specific to the medicine or device are met, or
The medicine or device is used following the failure of other therapies as defined by the relevant LSCMMG pathway.
Generally, little or no routine drug monitoring is required.
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Red medicines:
Medicine is supplied by the hospital for the duration of the treatment course.
Primary care initiation or continuation of treatment is not recommended unless exceptional circumstances such as specialist GP.
Red medicines are those where primary care prescribing is not recommended. These treatments should be initiated by specialists only and prescribing retained within secondary care. They require specialist knowledge, intensive monitoring, specific dose adjustments or further evaluation in use. If however, a primary care prescriber has particular specialist knowledge or experience of prescribing a particular drug for a particular patient it would not always be appropriate for them to expect to transfer that prescribing responsibility back to secondary care. There should be a specific reason and a specific risk agreement, protocol and service set up to support this.
Primary care prescribers may prescribe RED medicines in exceptional circumstances to patients to ensure continuity of supply while arrangements are made to obtain ongoing supplies from secondary care. |
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Amber level 0:
Suitable for prescribing in primary care following recommendation or initiation by a specialist.
Little or no specific monitoring required.
Patient may need a regular review, but this would not exceed that required for other medicines routinely prescribed in primary care.
Brief prescribing document or information sheet may be required.
Primary care prescribers must be familiar with the drug to take on prescribing responsibility or must get the required information.
When recommending or handing over care, specialists should ask primary care prescribers to take over prescribing responsibility, and should give enough information about the indication, dose, monitoring requirements, use outside product licence and any necessary dose adjustments to allow them to confidently prescribe. |
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Amber level 1 (with shared care):
Suitable for prescribing in primary care following recommendation or initiation by a specialist.
Minimal monitoring required.
Patient may need a regular review, but this would not exceed that required for other medicines routinely prescribed in primary care.
Full prior agreement about patient’s on-going care must be reached under the shared care agreement.
Primary care prescribers are advised not to take on prescribing of these medicines unless they have been adequately informed by letter of their responsibilities with regards monitoring, side effects and interactions and are happy to take on the prescribing responsibility. A copy of locally approved shared care guidelines should accompany this letter which outlines these responsibilities. Primary care prescribers should then tell secondary care of their intentions as soon as possible by letter so that arrangements can be made for the transfer of care. |
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Amber level 2 (with shared care and enhanced service):
Initiated by specialist and transferred to primary care following a successful initiation period.
Significant monitoring required on an on-going basis.
Full prior agreement about patient’s on-going care must be reached under the shared care agreement.
Suitable for enhanced service.
These medicines are considered suitable for GP prescribing following specialist initiation of therapy, as per shared care document which will be sent out with the request to prescribe, with on-going communication between the primary care prescriber and specialist. Amber Level 2 medicines require significant monitoring for which an enhanced service may be suitable. (Subject to local commissioning agreements). |
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Do not prescribe: NOT recommended for use by the NHS in Lancashire and South Cumbria.
Includes medicines that NICE has not recommended for use and terminated technology appraisals, unless there is a local need. |
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Grey medicines:
Medicines which have not yet been reviewed or are under the review process.
GPs and specialists are recommended not to prescribe these drugs.
This category includes drugs where funding has not yet been agreed.
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Refer to local guidance. |
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